Introduction: animal and human harmony, mutton, goat's milk it has been for the food, but the threat of disease in human experience, you need a large number of pharmaceutical proteins, goats once again to come forward and begin to save mankind. Research found that the production of transgenic goats goat milk has high medicinal value, the current foreign train a large transgenic goats, made goat into human medicine factory. Please check: Sri Lanka (Gary Stix)
in the biotechnology industry chain, the protein is undoubtedly an important part, many expensive biological drugs to protein as the main raw material. modern biotechnology industry has gone through 30 years of development process In this period, a stable source of protein supply of biological and technical personnel has been strongly pursued. To this end, they racked their brains, from the separation of biological tissue hamster ovary cell line, and then extract the proteins from which the maximum, this is what they have used methods. the last century, the late 90s, with a new class of protein drugs mm emergence of monoclonal antibodies, proteins often have a shortage of raw materials situation. For several decades, scientists have impressive: the creation of a Recombinant Human Erythropoietin EPO, can promote red blood cell renewal; the invention of monoclonal antibodies to blow cancer. Today, in the face the eyes of the biotechnology industry expect, scientists have once again embark on the journey to find a new method of protein production.
transgenic animals This new bio-reactor, dream of the biotechnology industry is perhaps the source of protein. animals have been genetically engineered, they secrete a large number of breast pharmaceutical proteins, transgenic animals will become an active pharmaceutical factory .2006 June 2, it was a normal day patients with congenital antithrombin deficiency rebirth day. On this day, the European Medicines Accreditation (The European Medicines Evaluation Agency, EMEA) formally approved the trade name of human ATryn antithrombin sale. ATryn by the GTC Bio Therapeutics, Inc. (GTC Biotherapeutics) research and development, gene goat milk extract rotation, can inhibit the activity of thrombin in blood, prevention and treatment of acute and chronic thrombosis, against thrombin deficit disorder has a significant effect . ATryn success, but also marks the GTC Bio Therapeutics, Inc. 15 years of research and development process of painting a satisfactory conclusion.
the mid 80s of last century, the idea of producing transgenic drugs has been lingering in the minds of many scientists . But 20 years ago, the production of complex pharmaceutical proteins is a daunting task, to be successful, you have to cross alp: not only to ensure a normal conformation of protein, but also to ensure that all of the sugar ligand stay they are the in the position. from Chinese hamster ovary cells provoked a burden, but in the process of protein production, scientists frequently frustrated, which resulted in expensive biological drugs. Moreover, the use of cell culture methods to produce protein not ideal, sometimes, the protein produced in this way is simply to use nearly impossible.
After a failed time and time again, scientists look to stay on in the mammary gland of mammals. In their view, cows , rabbit, goat mammary gland is an ideal protein factory. animal mammary secretion of large amounts of protein not only can, but also avoid the almost harsh conditions of cell culture.
1989, the gene activity Corporation (Genzyme) announced the acquisition of comprehensive Genetics Corporation (Integrated Genetics), began to get involved in the field of genetically modified substances. In order to quickly become a dominant force in this area, genetic enzyme uses unconventional means of the company: from Biogen Idec (Biogen) hired the technology leader. Harry . Mead (Harry Meade) and Daniels. Langbo Ge (Nils Lonberg) to create a pharmaceutical proteins extracted from mouse technology, and applied for patent protection.
the early 90s of last century, gene activity the company began planning to use goat's milk production of pharmaceutical proteins. However, the company did not personally involved in research and development of transgenic goats, but decided to pull money to set up a holding company, a subsidiary of mm from the enzyme gene - GM companies (that is, the previously mentioned GTC biological treatment company), and then transferred by this subsidiary to develop generic drugs. GTC Bio Therapeutics, Inc. has the right to operate independently, rather than the enzyme gene, a division of the company, so it produces the drug could be sold to other companies without having to worry about generating conflict of interest.
goats become the first pharmaceutical factory
, GTC companies use to create a microinjection of transgenic goats. the company's researchers a pharmaceutical protein gene, and another to activate the genes of the DNA together, injection single-cell embryos to the cell nucleus. and then will receive the foreign gene into single-cell embryos whether they carry the body of medicinal protein. If there is, then that kid is a success only in transgenic goats. mature kid, it would contain secreted pharmaceutical proteins in milk. Finally, proteins purified protein drugs can be obtained. mature transgenic goats mating with non-transgenic goats, which reproduce offspring with the same medicinal protein. to this cycle, the last of a transgenic sheep can be obtained. However, microinjection inefficiencies, and each time only 1% to 5% of the embryos successfully into transgenic animals. Later, when investing in a new generation of drugs, GTC has used a somatic cell nuclear transfer technology (also known as cloning), the technology can ensure Animals carrying the target gene. In fact, the scientists created Dolly the cloned sheep, the original intention, that is, to the benefit of mankind can create transgenic animals, not to copy or a great pet to die.
why the GTC has been selected goat as bioreactors it? original, dairy goat breeding faster than fast, and protein yield and higher than in mice or rabbits. However, there are companies in other animals began to try to make a fuss. recently, including companies, including GTC, there Many companies are choosing the cow as a test object. Dutch biotechnology company Pharming wanted to create transgenic cows and transgenic rabbits, so they produce pharmaceutical proteins. Some companies are putting in to create transgenic chickens, so eggs into a veritable The The company provides technical support. but frustrated GTC Company: Governments do not have to approve GM drugs into the drug market; Second, the 12 companies have a relationship with the GTC's transgenic technology company did not put as the first choice, these companies only in the mainstream Drug R & D strategy does not work, when will think of GM technology. in a cutting-edge technology is widely recognized, you must go through full hard, full of twists and turns of the process, so the GM technology behind the great risk to many companies prohibitive.
GTC company recognized that to promote GM technology ultimately have to rely on their own. the late 90s of last century, GTC to leave the company with great expectations. Some patients had bypass surgery done on heparin (heparin, an anti-clotting drug) produced a resistance, so they kind of human antithrombin for the treatment of patients. transgenic antithrombin has two advantages: First, can improve the blood supply; second infectious diseases do not infect people, but directly from human blood antithrombin was isolated can carry pathogens such as viruses. GTC has completed the required clinical trials, but in the end of 2000, when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requesting them to provide more data ( Additional testing is necessary) is, GTC chief executive of the company at the time, Sandra. Nuxi Ivanov. Lehrman (Sandra Nusinoff Lehrman) chosen to give up, so all efforts were in vain before the mid-.2001, efforts Xi Nuofu. Lehrman leave her successor Jeffrey. Cox (Geoffrey Cox) decided to continue the development of transgenic antithrombin. test site in the European elections, test subjects were patients with congenital antithrombin deficiency . European drug management guidelines have been issued the drug, which provides quality standards of antithrombin.
setbacks, many of the company and GTC partnership the company broke off, but there are still a few companies continue to maintain the GTC cooperation. setback did not destroy the company's ambitions GTC, its goal is not just ATryn, there are other protein drugs, such as a-1-antitrypsin. but its fate is not in their own hands, the examination and approval in Europe relations with its success or failure. In 1993, after market, GTC shares issued by the company quickly into the exhausted. In the period 2003 to 2004, GTC has also undergone restructuring, some employees have sadly left the company. in the EMEA decision on that moment, Cox said: always brave game. Li R & D .2004, PPL Therapeutics in deep trouble, desperation, the company's intellectual property rights can only be sold to the Pharming company. In 2001, after application of the creditor protection, Pharming company began to recharge your batteries, it is the comeback hopes in the treatment of congenital vascular edema (an inhibitory protein in the C1 the absence of genetic diseases caused by swelling) of the drugs on the market this drug can be allowed to directly determine the fate of the company Pharming.
If GTC companies across the storm, then there is no doubt that GM will lead the entire industry. founded GTC's goal is to use transgenic animals producing pharmaceutical proteins, in today's perspective, this goal is reasonable. Cox said that if the use of hamster cells to produce protein drugs, then the funds needed to purchase equipment at about 400 million to 5 million U.S. dollars, while the use of genetically modified goats to produce the same drug, the cost of 0.5 billion U.S. dollars. as U.S. market research firm SG Cowen analyst, Philip. Nadeau (Philip Nadeau) follow-up analysis of the GTC company, he said: inevitable. Therefore, high-tech companies such as GTC certainly a place in the future. , ATryn will bring an annual revenue of approximately $ 700,000,000.
protein drugs if mixed with harmful impurities, then it may cause adverse reactions of patients. So far, ATryn has not caused any negative in a patient's immune response, so ATryn a bright future. However, the protein drug safety is always an insurmountable hurdle. PPL Corporation transgenic sheep produced by a-1-antitrypsin, there have been security problems. In a clinical trial, way of administration staff to the respiratory tract, the transgenic a-1-antitrypsin for the patients. the result is found in the lungs of some patients appeared abnormal symptoms. that the results, PPL company immediately terminated the clinical trial. lead unusual circumstances, it may be because the company's protein purification process PPL customs, however, in a-1-antitrypsin also harmful residues of animal protein. On this issue, GTC's technology director of Mead (Meade ) said: ; mercy of the. goats do not like corn pollen as the wind, their bodies will not be transmitted genetically to an unpredictable place. Li Sile (Jane Rissler) said: said that so far, agricultural biotechnology has not brought much benefit to consumers. a 300 acres of land, then the goats in captivity in 190 acres of the area. In order to reduce cross-infection between animals, goat rearing unified, not the field for grazing. and technical personnel in more than 300 transgenic goats only in selected the 30 strong build and physique, good quality goat milk specifically for the production of ATryn. another 1200 non-transgenic goats are used for breeding reproduction. Cox said: ; now, ATryn has been approved for marketing, GTC daughter the value of the company's goat. face the facts, on the brink of bankruptcy how traditional dairy farmer can not believe my eyes: Why is my milk, goat milk is not worth it? (
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